My Analysis of Invisible Man Essays - Invisible Man, Free Essays

My Analysis of Invisible Man Essays - Invisible Man, Free Essays My Analysis of Invisible Man The storyteller starts recounting to his story with the case that he is an undetectable man. His imperceptibility, he says, is certainly not a state of being (he isn't truly undetectable), however is somewhat the aftereffect of the refusal of others to see him. He says that in view of his imperceptibility, he has been avoiding the world, living underground and taking power from the Monopolated Light What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue on a phonograph. He says that he has gone underground so as to compose a mind-blowing account and imperceptibility. (Pg. 3-8) As a youngster, in the late 1920s or mid 1930s, the storyteller lived in the south, since he is a talented open speaker, he is welcome to give a discourse to a gathering of significant white men in his town. (The Battle Royal, Pg. 17) The men reward him with a satchel containing a grant to a lofty dark school, yet simply in the wake of embarrassing him by compelling him to face in a conflict imperial where he is set in opposition to other youthful dark men, all blindfolded, in a boxing ring. After the fight imperial, the white men power the young people to scramble over an electric floor covering so as to grab at counterfeit gold coins. The storyteller has a fantasy that night where he envisions that his grant is really a bit of paper perusing To Whom It May Concern Keep This Nigger-Boy Running.

Mmap Creation of New Mapping

Mmap Creation of New Mapping The objective of this test is too see how mmap makes another mapping on a procedure virtual memory address space. Figure 1 The result of the program is appeared (figure 1). The page size of this engineering is equivalent to 4096 bytes, which is the default page size for most present day working frameworks. The program tossed a division center dump blunder the first occasion when it was pursued yet altering the C program it ran true to form. The code adjusted is demonstrated as follows, this code must be changed as the program wouldnt have the authorizations to compose memory which renders this program futile Code previously: Exhibit = mmap (Null, alloc_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0) Code After: Exhibit = mmap (Null, alloc_size, PROT_READ | PROT WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0) This portion of code(Figure 2) keeps in touch with the principal page of the assigned zone at the situation of zero, if this was changed to an option that could be bigger than the size of page size (4096 bytes) at that point the program would restore a division shortcoming. Instructional exercise 1 Exercise 2 The idea in this test has told the best way to make a mapped memory locale at that point utilize the fork() procedure to make a youngster procedure in which has a similar memory area as its parent. The fork() process makes another procedure by copying the calling procedure. (Manual, 2016) Above (Figure 3) is a portion of code from the program used to tell the best way to make a memory mapped zone between shared procedures. In this portion the kid procedure increases the mutual whole number (*addr) twice, which means when the whole numbers esteem is printed again in the parent procedure it will be equivalent to three (Figure 4). The program sits tight for the youngster procedure until it prints to the client the estimation of the parent and unmmaps. The pause() framework call suspends execution of the calling procedure until one of its youngsters ends, on progress restores the procedure ID of the ended kid (Manual, pause(), 2016); Instructional exercise 1 - Exercise 3 The objective of this activity to comprehend memory the executives through a program that utilizes the gadget memory(/dev/mem). /dev/mem is character gadget record that is a picture of the principle memory of the PC. Contingent upon the clients authorization level, the program must be run as root in any case the program can't get to the primary memory (Figure 5). At the point when the program is run as root client (Figure 6) a rundown of memory delivers is printed to the client. These addresses in/dev/mem are deciphered as physical memory addresses. References to nonexistent areas can cause mistakes. (Manual, MEM(4), 2015) Instructional exercise 1 Exercise 4 The idea of the trial is diminishing memory impression through the dynamical access of executables and memory tending to. Linux joins the utilization of shared libraries inside its working frameworks, a ton of Linux programs utilize a similar standard capacities, for example, screen backing or record access, for a developer to remember these capacities for each program it would cause program documents to be superfluously enormous. The benefit of having these libraries is that a library just should be stacked once for a few projects to utilize it; bringing about sparing RAM and hard circle space. (Kofler, 1998) Instructional exercise 2 Exercise 1 The idea of the analysis is to see how mmap utilizes a document as a component of the location space. The program utilized in this analysis is a copying of how the Operating framework stretches out RAM to a record. The program being utilized in this investigation utilizes a record called test.txt as RAM, the document itself is proportional to one page size of the given design. The program at that point keeps in touch with the page with a scorch at the exhibit position of zero to four(Figure 9). This is a case of how a memory mapped document is taken from plate and put into memory unequivocally for perusing/composing and will remain there until the client unmaps it. This analysis shows that when writing to slam youre keeping in touch with a record. Instructional exercise 2 - Exercise 2 The objective of this test is too comprehend that Mprotect can change authorizations of mapped regions. Subsequent to utilizing the Mmap work inside the program (FIGURE 10(Gedit)) the consents set are perused just, implying that the program wouldnt have the option to keep in touch with the cluster. After memory has been mapped, the consents initially set can be altered with the Mprotect framework call. On the off chance that a program endeavors to play out a procedure on a memory area that isn't allowed, it is ended with a division fault(FIGURE 10(Top terminal)). (Mitchell, 2001) Instructional exercise 2 - Exercise 3 The objective of this test is to see how the working framework oversees assurances progressively. (FIGURE 11) is a portion of code taken from the examination, it shows a handler for the division shortcoming. This code is set up to deal with the division shortcoming, the issue with the above code is the way this is a vast circle, the division blunder is given when endeavors to play out a procedure on a memory area that isn't allowed, implying that the code will proceed at the point the sign happened, making a boundless circle. The answer for this is to change the consents inside the Mprotect framework call permitting the capacity to compose just as read. Instructional exercise 2 Exercise 4 The objective of this analysis is to see how the working framework oversees assurances progressively. Instead of the past analysis, this program changes the consents of the page that is being gotten to utilizing Mprotect. The handler is set up to guarantee that an unending circle doesnt happen like in the past trial. With the consents being set inside the handler itself, the handler will have the option to totally deal with the mistake bringing about no division blunder halting the program. Instructional exercise 3 Exercise 1 The objective of this examination is to comprehend that each document in Linux has an individual Inode. Figure 14 The aftereffects of this trial (Figure 14) show the Inodes for 3 separate documents in 3 separate catalogs, the Inode is an information structure in a Unix record framework to depict an item like a record or a registry. The Inode is a pointer with a the Inode number being exceptional, on the off chance that a record is moved, at that point its Inode number will likewise change. At the point when an application needs a document, the application trades the record name for the Inode number from the catalog posting, after that the application utilizes the Inode for a reference to the document. Instructional exercise 3 - Exercise 2 The objective of this investigation is to see some framework calls that control records and catalogs. (figure 15) Shows the documents and registries of a few areas utilizing a program which piece is appeared (figure 16). This program restores a rundown of what is in the current working index, notice that the kind of the record is appeared on the left of (figure x). The framework call lstat returns data about a document, for this situation it is restoring the kind of the record. Instructional exercise 3 Exercise 3 The objective of this analysis is to see how an intelligent mapping (document) is identified with its physical one. Figure 17 The program utilized in this test decides the quantity of squares related with the given document and maps its consistent and physical tending to, as can be found in (figure 17). This is accomplished utilizing the detail framework call which returns data about a record, for this activity the main data required from detail is the quantity of squares utilized by the document. Another framework call utilized in this program is ioctl, utilized on a record descriptor fd. The ioctl work permits the client to control the basic gadget parameters (manuals, 2016). Utilizing ioctl with FIBMAP permits the client to restore the physical square mapping to its coherent mapping. Instructional exercise 3 Exercise 4 The objective of this Instructional exercise 4 Exercise 1 The objective of this test is to comprehend the way toward trading messages among customer and server utilizing blocking correspondence. Two projects were utilized in this test, a server program (Figure 20 remaining) and a customer program (figure 20 right). Running on discrete terminals the projects speak with one another, if another customer program were to attempt to interface with the server program the messages wouldnt show up at the server, this happens in view of blocking. When blocking is being used, control isnt came back to the server program until in any event one byte of information is perused from the customer program (Klement, 2002). Of course, attachments are set to blocking, in the event that an attachment call is given that cant be finished quickly, at that point the procedure is taken care of, trusting that the condition will be valid. Instructional exercise 4 Exercise 2 The objective of this test is to comprehend the way toward trading messages among customer and server utilizing non-blocking correspondence. Figure 21 Rather than the past investigation, the customer and server programs are currently utilizing non-blocking attachments. As a default when an attachment is made, its set to blocking. On the off chance that the info activity can't be happy with in any event 1 byte of data* then an arrival is made quickly with a blunder (Figure 21 remaining) (Stevens, 2001). *(This applies to TCP, For a UDP attachment it would be a finished datagram). Instructional exercise 4 Exercise 3 The objective of this investigation is too understanding the essential procedure of trading messages among customer and sign driven server utilizing non-blocking correspondence. Instructional exercise 4 Exercise 4 The objective of this examination is to increase a superior comprehension about the contrasts among blocking and unblocking programs

Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Theories Developmental Psychology Print Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on September 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on September 28, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Preconventional Morality Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality Criticism View All Back To Top How do people develop morality? This question has fascinated parents, religious leaders, and philosophers for ages, but moral development has also become a hot-button issue in both psychology and education.?? Do parental or societal influences play a greater role in moral development? Do all kids develop morality in similar ways? One of the best-known theories exploring some of these basic questions was developed by a psychologist named Lawrence Kohlberg.?? His work modified and expanded upon Jean Piagets previous work to form a theory that explained how children develop moral reasoning. Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development  while Kohlbergs theory of moral development outlined six stages within three different levels.?? Kohlberg extended Piagets theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. In recent years, Kohlbergs theory has been criticized as being Western-centric with a bias toward men (he primarily used male research subjects) and with having a narrow worldview based on upper-middle-class value systems and perspectives. The Heinz Dilemma: Kohlbergs Approach to the Study of Moral Reasoning Kohlberg based his theory on a  series of moral dilemmas were presented to these participants and they were also interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario.?? One example was Heinz Steals the Drug. In this scenario, a woman has cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save her. This drug had been discovered by a local pharmacist and he was able to make it for $200 per dose and sell it for $2,000 per dose. The womans husband, Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug. He tried to negotiate with the pharmacist for a lower price or to be extended credit to pay for it over time. But the pharmacist refused to sell it for any less or to accept partial payments. Rebuffed, Heinz instead broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife. Kohlberg asked, Should the husband have done that? Kohlberg was not interested so much in the answer to questioning whether Heinz was wrong or right  but in the reasoning for each participants decision. The responses were then classified into various stages of reasoning in his theory of moral development.?? Level 1. Preconventional Morality The earliest stage of moral development, obedience, and punishment are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, Kohlberg says, children see rules as fixed and absolute.?? Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. At the individualism and exchange  stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best course of action was the choice that best-served Heinz’s needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point in moral development, but only if it serves ones own interests. Level 2. Conventional Morality Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation, the stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles.?? There is an emphasis on conformity, being nice, and consideration of how choices influence relationships. This stage is focused on maintaining social order. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty and respecting authority. Level 3. Postconventional Morality The ideas of a social contract and individual rights cause people in the next stage to  begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people.?? Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. Criticisms Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking, but there is a big difference between knowing what we ought to do versus our actual actions. Moral reasoning, therefore,  may not lead to moral behavior. This is just one of the many of the criticisms of Kohlbergs theory. Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept of justice when making moral choices. Factors such as compassion, caring, and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning.?? Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy? Individualist cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community. Eastern, collectivist cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not take into account. Were Kohlbergs dilemmas applicable? Most of his subjects were children under the age of 16 who obviously had no experience with marriage. The Heinz dilemma may have been too abstract for these children to understand, and a scenario  more applicable to their everyday concerns might have led to different results. Kohlbergs critics, including Carol Gilligan, have suggested that Kohlbergs theory was gender-biased since all of the subjects in his sample were male.?? Kohlberg believed that women tended to remain at the third level of moral development because they place a stronger emphasis on things such as social relationships and the welfare of others. Gilligan instead suggested that Kohlbergs theory overemphasizes concepts such as justice and does not adequately address moral reasoning founded on the principles and ethics of caring and concern for others.